Marseille

Marseille, (English alt. Marseilles IPA: /mɑrˈseɪ/ — French: pronounced [maʁsɛj], locally [mɑχˈsɛjɐ] — Provençal Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ] in classical norm or Marsiho [maʀˈsijɔ] in Mistralian norm — Origin: Greek: Massalia / Μασσαλία) is the second-largest city of France and forms the third-largest metropolitan area, after those of Paris and Lyon, with a population recorded to be 1,516,340 at the 1999 census and estimated to be 1,605,000 in 2007. Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Marseille is France's largest commercial port. Marseille is the administrative capital (préfecture de région) of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the administrative capital (préfecture départementale) of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.

Geography

Marseille is the largest and most populous commune in France after Paris and is the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Etang de Berre.

The city itself is spread across a wide geographical area divided into 16 arrondissements (see the map below). The central six contain most of the city's historic buildings and its services.

The city's main thoroughfare, the wide boulevard called the Canebière, stretches eastward from the Old Port (Vieux Port) to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port - Fort St Nicholas on the south side and Fort St Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Chateau d'If, made famous by the Dumas novel The Count of Monte Cristo. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferreol and the Centre Bourse (the main shopping mall). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianized zones, most notably rue St Ferreol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hotel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, dominated by the basilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde. The railway station - Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles - is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière

Economy

Historically, the economy of Marseille was dominated by its role as a port of the French Empire, linking the North African colonies of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia with metropolitan France. The majority of the old port and docks, which experienced decline in the 1970s after the oil crisis, have been recently redeveloped with funds from the European Union.[citation needed] The old port now contains restaurants, offices, bars and hotels and functions mostly as a private marina. Fishing, however, remains important in Marseille and the food economy of Marseille is still dominated by the local catch and a daily fish market is still held at the Belgian Quay at the Old Port.

Toulouse

Toulouse, (en occitan : Tolosa [tuˈluzo]), est une ville du sud-ouest de la France. C'est la préfecture de la Haute-Garonne et de la région Midi-Pyrénées.
Avec 437 100 habitants en 2005, elle est la quatrième commune de France en termes de population. Son agglomération regroupe 891 000 habitants et son aire urbaine 1 133 000.Ville à l'architecture caractéristique, Toulouse est surnommée la « ville rose » en raison de la couleur du matériau de construction traditionnel local, la brique de terre cuite. Autre surnom « fleuri » : la « Cité des violettes ». Il existe une Confrérie de la violette à Toulouse, où la production de cette fleur était très importante. La Violette est l'une des récompenses décernées par l'Académie des Jeux floraux de Toulouse.
Dans le passé, elle était appelée la « Cité Mondine » (la Ciutat Mondina en occitan), en référence à la dynastie des comtes de la ville qui se sont souvent nommés Raymond.[1]
Berceau de la firme Airbus, Toulouse est aujourd'hui une technopole européenne qui regroupe de nombreuses industries de pointe en matière d'informatique et de spatial, ainsi que de nombreux instituts de recherche. C'est également une ville étudiante, la troisième de France avec 97 000 étudiants[2], dotée d'équipements culturels de prestige comme le centre des congrès, la médiathèque José-Cabanis, le Zénith, le musée d'art moderne et contemporain des Abattoirs, la cité de l'Espace ou encore le Théâtre national de Toulouse (TNT).
La ville rose connaît une forte attraction démographique et est considérée comme une des grandes villes européennes intermédiaires comme Lyon, Marseille, Florence, Hambourg ou Zurich[3]. Si la croissance démographique se poursuit au rythme actuel, son agglomération entrera bientôt dans le cercle des agglomérations françaises de plus d'un million d'habitants. En 2005, une étude la classe deuxième ville française derrière Lyon pour sa qualité de vie selon une dizaine de critères pré-définis[4].
La devise de la ville est « Per Tolosa totjorn mai » (« Pour Toulouse, toujours plus »).

Cinémas

Toulouse est doté de nombreux cinémas. Plusieurs cinémas indépendants sont accessibles en centre-ville comme l'Utopia, situé rue Montardy[112]. Ce cinéma a reçu notamment le Trophée de la meilleure salle Art et Essai de France en 2001. Un autre cinéma Utopia est situé à Tournefeuille. L'ABC est le plus ancien cinéma d'Art et Essai de Toulouse, situé rue Saint-Bernard. C'est un cinéma associatif et indépendant, qui comprend également une salle de réunion, une salle d'exposition et un centre de documentation[113]. Il fait partie du réseau Europa Cinémas. Le Cratère est aussi un cinéma d'Art et Essai de la Grand Rue Saint Michel, dont la ligne éditoriale est constituée à 80 % de reprises après les grandes salles d'Art et Essai du centre ville[114].
Enfin, la cinémathèque de Toulouse est un cinéma associatif créé en 1965 qui comprend également une bibliothèque. Elle a longtemps été dirigée par Daniel Toscan du Plantier. C'est le deuxième fond cinématographique de France après la cinémathèque de Paris. Elle possède plus de 24 000 copies de longs-métrages et courts-métrages, ainsi qu'en ensemble de collections de documents autour du cinéma[115]. Toulouse possède aussi l'école supérieure d'Audiovisuelle (ESAV) qui se trouve rue du Taur près de la cinémathèque depuis 2002. C'est un centre de recherche qui accueille plusieurs chercheurs et de nombreux étudiants du troisième cycle.
Il existe aussi des cinémas commerciaux comme l'UGC, cinéma du groupe européen d'exploitation cinématographique UGC situé allée du Président-Roosevelt, juste à côté de la place Wilson et le Gaumont, cinéma du groupe de la société française de production Gaumont. Un des deux cinéma se situe place Wilson. Le deuxième est à Labège, agglomération au sud de Toulouse.

Paris

Paris

Paris (pronounced /ˈpærɨs/ in English; [paʁi] (help·info) in French) is the capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the River Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (also known as the "Paris Region"; French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris within its administrative limits (largely unchanged since 1860) has an estimated population of 2,167,994 (January 2006).[2] The Paris unité urbaine (or urban area) extends well beyond the administrative city limits and has an estimated population of 9.93 million (in 2005).[3] The Paris aire urbaine (or metropolitan area) has a population of nearly 12 million,[4] and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe.[5]
An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.[6] According to 2005 estimates by the PricewaterhouseCoopers accounting firm, the Paris urban area is Europe's biggest city economy,[7] and is fifth in the world's list of cities by GDP.[8]
The Paris Region, with €500.8 billion (US$628.9 billion), produced more than a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) of France in 2006.[9] The Paris Region hosts 37 of the Fortune Global 500 companies[10] in several business districts, notably La Défense, the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.[11] Paris also hosts many international organizations such as UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the informal Paris Club.
Paris is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, with over 30 million foreign visitors per year.[12] There are numerous iconic landmarks among its many attractions, along with world-famous institutions and popular parks.

Etymology

Main article: Name of Paris and its inhabitants
The name Paris pronounced [ˈpaɹɪs] in English and [paʁi] (help·info) in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. The city was called Lutetia (/lutetja/) (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the first- to sixth-century Roman occupation, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate (361–363) the city was renamed as Paris.[13]
Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "The City of Light" (La Ville-lumière), a name it owes both to its fame as a centre of education and ideas and its early adoption of street lighting. Paris since the early 20th century has also been known in Parisian slang as Paname ([panam]; Moi j'suis d'Paname (help·info), i.e. "I'm from Paname").
Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" ([pʰəˈɹɪzɪənz] or [pʰəˈɹiːʒn̩z]) and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃] (help·info)). Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁigo] (help·info)) by those living outside the Paris region, but the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves.
See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.

History

Beginnings
The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC.[14] The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, known as boatsmen and traders[citation needed], inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC[citation needed]. The Romans conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,[14] with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and the Île de la Cité island. The Gallo-Roman town was originally called Lutetia, but later Gallicised to Lutèce. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres and an amphitheatre.[15] The collapse of the Roman empire and the third-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD Lutèce, by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.[14] The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation.

Middle ages
Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during occupation of the English-allied Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII reclaimed the city in 1437. Although Paris was capital once again, the Crown preferred to remain in its Loire Valley castles[citation needed]. During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party, culminating in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572). King Henry IV re-established the royal court in Paris in 1594 after he converted to Roman Catholicism (with this historic sentence: Paris is well worth a Mass). During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille in 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792[citation needed].

[edit] Nineteenth century
The Industrial Revolution, the French Second Empire, and the Belle Époque brought Paris the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under Napoleon III and his préfet Haussmann, who levelled entire districts of narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris. This programme of "Haussmannization" was designed to make the city both more beautiful and more sanitary for its inhabitants, although it did have the added benefit that in case of future revolts or revolutions, cavalry charges and rifle fire could be used to deal with the insurrection while the rebel tactic of barricading so often used during the Revolution would become obsolete.[16]
Cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris—the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000.[17] Paris also suffered greatly from the siege which ended the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871): in the chaos caused by the fall of Napoleon III's government, the Commune of Paris (1871) sent many of Paris' administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames while 20,000 Parisians were killed by fighting between Commune and Government forces in what became known as the semaine sanglante (Bloody Week).[18]
Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous Universal Expositions of the late nineteenth century.[19] The Eiffel Tower was built for the French Revolution centennial 1889 Universal Exposition, as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark, while the 1900 Universal Exposition saw the opening of the first Paris Métro line. Paris' World's Fairs also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows.[19]

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champs élisée

The Avenue des Champs-Élysées

is the most prestigious and broadest avenue in Paris. With its cinemas, cafés, and luxury specialty shops, the Avenue des Champs-Élysées is one of the most famous streets in the world, and with rents as high as $1.50 million a year for 1000 square feet (92.9 square meters) of space, it remains the most expensive strip of real estate in Europe[1][2] The name is French for Elysian Fields, the place of the blessed in Greek mythology.
The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is known in France as La plus belle avenue du monde ("The most beautiful avenue in the world"). The arrival of global chain stores in recent years has slightly changed its character, and in a first effort to stem these changes, the Paris City government (which has called this trend "banalization") decided in 2007 to bar the Swedish clothing chain H&M from opening a store on the avenue.